These files include state policy innovativeness scores as described in:

Boehmke, Frederick J. and Paul Skinner. 2012. �State Policy Innovativeness Revisited.� 
State Politics and Policy Quarterly 12(3): 304-330. 

Version 1.1. 
Compiled on May 30, 2014 by Frederick J. Boehmke (frederick-boehmke@uiowa.edu).

CHANGE LOG:

1. All 39 author gathered adoptions for AK and HI for Walker's policies were reset to missing.
Walker did not gather data for these two states and we intended to drop our updates in
the original release. We do so because when their adoptions are the last observed
adoption we would have to be confident that no other state that had not adopted by the last
date considered by Walker did not so do before the later adoption by AK or HI. We do not
have sufficient confidence in this. In the version 1.0 of these data there would be some
small differences based on data from 20 policies for which AK or HI were the last 
adopter among Walker's policies (with our updates for AK and HI).

2. The smoothed dynamic innovativeness scores used a smaller bandwidth than we intended
which made them effectively equivalent to the biennial rate score. We have switched
the bandwidth to the proper value of 1.5 as used in the paper.

3. We added files containing the covariance matrices for our resampled static scores in 
order to provide sufficient information for authors who want to resample scores from our
bootstrapped joint distribution.

4. We changed the naming convention from 0912 to 1209 since our data from 1912-2009. Oops.

INCLUDED:  

11 Stata data sets: 
 
  stinn1209static.dta 		Static policy innovativeness scores.  
  stinn1209staticR.dta 		Resampled static policy innovativeness scores.  
  stinn1209dynamic.dta 		Dynamic (biennial) policy innovativeness scores.  
  stinn1209policies.dta 	Summary data about the policies used.  
  stinn1209adoptions.dta 	Raw data on adoption dates for each policy.   
  stinn1209staticRcovcns.dta	Covariance matrix of resampled standardized and imputed scores.  
  stinn1209staticRcovpct.dta	Covariance matrix of resampled rate scores.  
  stinn1209staticRcovwkr.dta	Covariance matrix of resampled Walker scores.  
  stinn5909staticRcovcns.dta	Covariance matrix of resampled standardized and imputed scores.  
  stinn5909staticRcovpct.dta	Covariance matrix of resampled rate scores.  
  stinn5909staticRcovwkr.dta	Covariance matrix of resampled Walker scores.  

11 comma separated ascii versions of these data sets: 
 
  stinn1209static.txt 		Static policy innovativeness scores.  
  stinn1209staticR.txt 		Resampled static policy innovativeness scores.  
  stinn1209dynamic.txt 		Dynamic (biennial) policy innovativeness scores.  
  stinn1209policies.txt 	Summary data about the policies used.  
  stinn1209adoptions.txt 	Raw data on adoption dates for each policy.      
  stinn1209staticRcovcns.txt	Covariance matrix of resampled standardized and imputed scores.  
  stinn1209staticRcovpct.txt	Covariance matrix of resampled rate scores.  
  stinn1209staticRcovwkr.txt	Covariance matrix of resampled Walker scores.  
  stinn5909staticRcovcns.txt	Covariance matrix of resampled standardized and imputed scores.  
  stinn5909staticRcovpct.txt	Covariance matrix of resampled rate scores.  
  stinn5909staticRcovwkr.txt	Covariance matrix of resampled Walker scores.   

1 README file: 
  
  stinn1209README.txt		Describes the included data and files.  
  
1 text file: 
  
  stinn1209sources.txt		Lists sources for policy adoptions compiled by
				the authors (i.e., those not taken from Walker's
				ICPSR data set).  

NOTES:

1. These data sets represent the final outputs of our calculations of state
policy innovativeness as described in the paper and authors' appendix (both
of which are included along with these data). These are the data that will be
of interest to scholars looking to use our innovativeness scores in their
own research. Those interested in our methodologies should inspect our
complete replication files which include the computer code that we used to 
manipulate the data contained here.

2. Our innovativeness scores are available in three different formats: 
static and dynamic. The static ones represent innovativeness over long
time periods, primarly 1912-2009, and subperiods (1912-1958 and 1959-2009).
These are contained in the file stinn1209static.dta. Dynamic measures
are available here for biennia in the file stinn1209dynamic.dta. These
are generated with a local polynomial smoothing of the adoptions by
biennia with a bandwidth of 1.5.

3. The static measures include Walker's formula for innovativeness as described
in the paper, our proposed adoption rate measure, and our censoring-adjusted
and imputated measure. The latter is discussed but not featured in the paper.
In short, these calculations are made as follows:
  a. Walker's score calculates each states score as the the proportion of time 
       from the first to last observed adoption that it takes to adopt, assigning 
       right-censored states an adoption year of one past the last observed adoption; 
  b. The rate score takes one over the number of years to adoption;
  c. The standardized and censoring adjusted score estimates a right-censored normal
       distribution using the observed adoption and standardizes all adoption dates 
       by substracting the estimated mean and dividing by the estimated standard 
       deviation, with adoption dates for right censored states imputed using the 
       expected value of the estimated distribution given right-censoring. 
For exact formulas used to calculate these scores and decision rules about which 
policies to include from our larger database, see the paper for complete details.

4. For the Walker and standardized scores, we assign policies to time periods based
on the period in which the year of the tenth adoption falls. 

5. We also include a file with bootstrapped means, standard deviations, and
confidence intervals for all of our static measures for scholars interested
in such statistics or to account for uncertainty in our measures. These 
are available in the file stinn1209staticR.dta.

6. The six files with the covariance matrices are generated from the resampled scores
created using the bootsrapping approach described in the paper. These correspond
to the three scores and different time periods captured by the resampled policies
in stinn1209staticR.dta. The full covariance matrices will be helpful for those
wishing to account for the unncertainty in the measures by doing their own
sampling. Using just the standard deviations in stinn1209staticR.dta will not
account for the covariance between the scores.
 
7. The remaining two files include information about the policies used in 
constructing these scores. The first, stinn1209adoptions.dta, includes the
adoption dates for all 137 policies used our paper. The second, 
stinn1209policies.dta, includes summary information about these 137
policies (number of adopters, first and last adopter, policy area, etc.).

8. Our rate score is the only dynamic measure included in the paper and in these 
data given its greater appropriateness for measuring innovativeness over small
time periods. We include the biennial innovativeness score by state (and for
all states combined) at the annual level since scholars will often want to merge 
these data with annual data. It is important to understand that our score is 
identical in pairs of years by design (i.e., 1913 and 1914 are based on the 
same data for one biennium). In addition to the raw scores we also include
smoothed versions generated with a local polynomial smoothing technique (see
the paper for more details). These data may be of use in some applications.

8. We used the following variable naming conventions in constructing our variables.
  a. Modifications to scores:
    i.   Raw innovativeness scores all start with "i";
    ii.  Smoothed innovativeness scores all start with "si";
    iii. Resampled innovativeness scores all start with "ri". 
  b. Formula used to calculate scores:
    i.   Variables including "wkr" use Walker's formula with modifications as 
           described in our paper;
    ii.  Variables including "pct" use our adoption rate formula;
    iii. Variables including "cns" use our standardized and censoring-adjusted 
           formula;
    iv.  Variables including "lead10" use our % first 10 adopters formula;
    v.   Variables including "lead5" use our % first 5 adopters formula. 
  c. Time periods:
    i.   Variables including "1209" cover the period 1912-2009;
    ii.  Variables including "1258" cover the period 1912-1958;
    iii. Variables including "5909" cover the period 1959-2009;
    iv.  Variables including "bi" cover two year biennia.
  d. Associated statistical information:
    i.   Variables with "sd" at the end represent the standard deviation of
	    the associated score;
    ii.   Variables with "lo" at the end represent the lower bound of a 95%
 	    confidence interval based on the standard deviation (i.e., 
	    score-1.96*scoresd);
    iii.  Variables with "hi" at the end represent the upper bound of a 95%
 	    confidence interval based on the standard deviation (i.e., 
	    score+1.96*scoresd);
    iv.  Variables with "lop" at the end represent the nonparametric lower bound 
            of a 95% confidence interval based on bootstrapped percentiles; 
    v.   Variables with "hip" at the end represent the nonparametric upper bound 
            of a 95% confidence interval based on bootstrapped percentiles.
	    